Notebook

The purpose of this notebook is to perform some initial exploratory data analysis for air quality data from Malawi. Based on this analysis, in-depth analysis will be performed and publication ready figures can be produced.

The reproducible manuscript can be found in a separate repository: https://github.com/Global-Health-Engineering/manuscript-qechairquality

Data

Air quality data (PM2.5 and PM10) was collected in roughly 5-minute intervals from eight locations at one hospital over the period of 3 months. The locations are Administration, Guardian Shelter, Lighthouse Clinic, Lions Sight, Malaria, Mercy James, Ward 6B, and uMoyo.

One sensor was installed at each location, either on the side or on the outside wall.

Sensor locations

• Guardian Shelter, Ward 3b, Mercy James, and Lighthouse are outside, the rest would be inside

Data Exploration

TODO List:

• 24 hour average (DONE)
• baseline (not the two peaks) (not doing)
• Hourly average (DONE)
• Exposure in categories of hazard (DONE)
• Peaks over 500 a day (DONE)
• Difference between indoor and outdoor sensors (not started)
• Ratios PM10 / PM25 (differences by location) (WIP)
• Day time vs night time averages (6-18, 18-6) (DONE)

Map: Sensor locations

Plot: Overview (Appendix)

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Plot: Daily 24-hour average by date

• Is MJC 0 after 13th November?
• WHO limits are 24-hour averages

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Plot: Day time vs night time averages (6-18, 18-6)

Plot: Exposure in hours in categories of hazard

Totals (discarded)

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Percent (discarded)

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New plot 1 (discarded)

Waffle plot - (World Health Organization 2021) (used)

Waffle plot - USEPA (discarded)

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Table: Peaks over the limit for hazardous (US EPA)

• Peak for PM2.5: 250.4
• Peak for PM10: 424.9
• Column peaks counts the number of data points (5 minute intervals between them) above these two limits over all days

location	n	pm10	pm2.5
Administration	10900	1	4
Guardian Shelter	11032	178	359
Lighthouse Clinic	11472	676	350
Lions Sight	11749	0	0
Malaria	12031	18	19
Mercy James	12193	37	15
Ward 6B	11861	15	4
uMoyo	10637	43	18

Table: Peaks over the limit for hazardous ((World Health Organization 2021))

• Peak for PM2.5: > 35 Greater interim target 1, Annual
• Peak for PM10: > 70 Greater interim target 1, Annual
• Column peaks counts the number of data points (5 minute intervals between them) above these two limits over all days

location	n	pm10	pm2.5
Administration	10900	171	94
Guardian Shelter	11032	4529	5314
Lighthouse Clinic	11472	4365	3891
Lions Sight	11749	91	14
Malaria	12031	617	578
Mercy James	12193	736	749
Ward 6B	11861	1113	1236
uMoyo	10637	703	399

Plot: Ratio between PM10 and PM2.5 range from minimum to maximum (WIP)

• Calculation: PM10/PM2.5
• Each line shows the minimum and maximum per day after calculating the average ratio per hour

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Plot: Hourly ratio between PM10 and PM2.5 for Malnutrition on 3 days

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Table: Hourly ratio between PM10 and PM2.5 for Malnutrition on 3 days

• PM10 significantly rises (by tenfold) during these three days
• PM25 descreases at the same time
• The ratio jumps from to 90 from the usual 1 to 5

date	hour	location	pm10	pm2.5	p10_pm2.5_ratio
2019-10-14	0	uMoyo	38	18	2
2019-10-14	1	uMoyo	31	17	2
2019-10-14	2	uMoyo	39	13	3
2019-10-14	3	uMoyo	41	10	4
2019-10-14	4	uMoyo	41	11	4
2019-10-14	5	uMoyo	37	11	3
2019-10-14	6	uMoyo	40	12	3
2019-10-14	7	uMoyo	44	12	4
2019-10-14	8	uMoyo	45	13	4
2019-10-14	9	uMoyo	45	14	3
2019-10-14	10	uMoyo	46	14	3
2019-10-14	11	uMoyo	44	13	3
2019-10-14	12	uMoyo	40	12	3
2019-10-14	13	uMoyo	53	19	3
2019-10-14	14	uMoyo	59	22	3
2019-10-14	15	uMoyo	145	5	27
2019-10-14	16	uMoyo	302	6	53
2019-10-14	17	uMoyo	386	6	69
2019-10-14	18	uMoyo	438	4	113
2019-10-14	19	uMoyo	354	4	90
2019-10-14	20	uMoyo	374	4	96
2019-10-14	21	uMoyo	294	4	80
2019-10-14	22	uMoyo	287	4	77
2019-10-14	23	uMoyo	162	4	39
2019-10-15	0	uMoyo	204	6	34
2019-10-15	1	uMoyo	258	3	79
2019-10-15	2	uMoyo	266	4	66
2019-10-15	3	uMoyo	121	4	33
2019-10-15	4	uMoyo	114	4	31
2019-10-15	5	uMoyo	47	4	12
2019-10-15	6	uMoyo	39	3	12
2019-10-15	7	uMoyo	69	4	17
2019-10-15	8	uMoyo	81	3	24
2019-10-15	9	uMoyo	66	4	18
2019-10-15	10	uMoyo	64	6	11
2019-10-15	11	uMoyo	87	4	22
2019-10-15	12	uMoyo	85	4	23
2019-10-15	13	uMoyo	119	3	40
2019-10-15	14	uMoyo	102	3	34
2019-10-15	15	uMoyo	121	3	35
2019-10-15	16	uMoyo	99	8	12
2019-10-15	17	uMoyo	159	7	23
2019-10-15	18	uMoyo	167	6	28
2019-10-15	19	uMoyo	134	7	18
2019-10-15	20	uMoyo	168	6	28
2019-10-15	21	uMoyo	109	5	21
2019-10-15	22	uMoyo	124	5	24
2019-10-15	23	uMoyo	304	5	58
2019-10-16	0	uMoyo	215	7	33
2019-10-16	1	uMoyo	210	6	33
2019-10-16	2	uMoyo	165	22	7
2019-10-16	3	uMoyo	134	14	9
2019-10-16	4	uMoyo	99	11	9
2019-10-16	5	uMoyo	255	7	38
2019-10-16	6	uMoyo	48	7	7
2019-10-16	7	uMoyo	36	7	5
2019-10-16	8	uMoyo	36	9	4
2019-10-16	9	uMoyo	41	7	6
2019-10-16	10	uMoyo	40	9	5
2019-10-16	11	uMoyo	41	12	3
2019-10-16	12	uMoyo	47	24	2
2019-10-16	13	uMoyo	51	28	2
2019-10-16	14	uMoyo	48	27	2
2019-10-16	15	uMoyo	45	24	2
2019-10-16	16	uMoyo	39	22	2
2019-10-16	17	uMoyo	44	23	2
2019-10-16	18	uMoyo	38	20	2
2019-10-16	19	uMoyo	36	19	2
2019-10-16	20	uMoyo	45	21	2
2019-10-16	21	uMoyo	46	20	2
2019-10-16	22	uMoyo	41	18	2
2019-10-16	23	uMoyo	36	17	2

Plot: Hourly average by date and location

Not included in paper.

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References

World Health Organization. 2021. WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide. World Health Organization.